高考英语语法精讲与精练 | 非谓语动词

日期：2022-02-17 10:14 点击：

非谓语动词精讲与精练

 

一、非谓语动词讲前练：用所给单词的适当形式或用适当的单词（1个）填空

Let children learn [1]_________ (judge) their own work. A child [2]___________(learn) to talk does not learn by [3]_______________(correct) all the time; if [4]___________(correct) too much, he will stop [5]__________(talk). He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others’ language. Bit by bit, he makes the right changes [6]___________(make) his language like other people’s.

In the same way, children learn to do all the other things. They learn to talk, run, climb, ride a bicycle by [7]___________(compare) their own behaviors with those of more [8]_________(skill) people, and slowly make the [9]________(need) changes.

But in school teachers never give a child a chance [10]___________(find) out his mistakes for himself, even fewer chances for him [11] ___________(correct) himself. They do it all for him. Teachers act as if the student would fail [12] _________(notice) a mistake if they did not point it out to him. They act as if the student would never correct it unless [13]__________(make) to. Soon he [14]____________(become) dependent on the teacher. So we should let him [15]_______ (realize) his own mistakes and work out what the answer is to that problem with the help of other children .

Key:

1. to judge  2. learning       3. being corrected         4. corrected  5. talking       6. to make

7. comparing   8. skilled              9. needed        10. to find

11. to correct   12. to notice              13. made              14. becomes  15.realize

 

二、非谓语动词考点精讲：

非谓语动词考点1、谓语动词与非谓语动词的判定

1、利用动词的形式判断谓语动词与非谓语动词。

1）各时态的谓语动词的形式(见时态语态一章), 注意:情态动词+do是谓语动词的一种形式

2）非谓语动词：to do / doing  /done

EG:When ice is heated, it can turn into water.

Heated, ice can turn into water.

   The children are working hard on the farm, singing and laughing.

2、一个句子中，已经出现谓语动词又没有连词的情况下。还有别的动词出现时，需要用非谓语动词。

EG:The  man took out the key, opened the door and entered the room.

The question discussed at the meeting yesterday is of great importance.

 

考点对练1:判断下列划线动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词

1、We found the girl sitting in the armchair.

2、The students went into the hall, following their teacher.

3、The meeting held yesterday was of great importance.

4、She sat at the window, reading a magazine.

5、Work hard and you will succeed.

 

非谓语动词考点2、非谓语动词的逻辑主语

1、非谓语动词虽然不作谓语，但依然保留着动词的特征，就是动词表示的动作一定有“执行者”，及物动词表达的动作会有一个“承受者”。非谓语动作的执行者和承受者就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语或宾语。比如：

EG：We will have many difficult problems to deal with.我们会有许多棘手问题需要处理。

（To deal with的执行者（逻辑主语）是句子主语we，承受者（宾语）是problems）

EG：The problem to be dealt with is how we can get the text books.

（To be dealt with的承受者the problems变成了逻辑主语, 由于不定式用的是被动形式，因此没有宾语）

 

2、如何确定非谓语动词的逻辑主语

①非谓语动词在句子里作“状语”时，它的逻辑主语就是句中主语。

EG：Not knowing what to do next, we went to the teacher for help. 因为不知道下一步怎么办，我们去求助老师。

（作原因状语的非谓语动词短语（not knowing what to do next）的逻辑主语（执行者）是句子主语we）

②非谓语动词在句子里作“定语”时，它的逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词或代词。

EG：The building built last year is our library.

③非谓语动词在句子里作宾语补足语时，它的逻辑主语就宾语。

EG:When we enter the classroom, we found Tom seated on his chair.

 

非谓语动词考点3、非谓语动词的时态语态及其基本性质

非谓语形式	时态（主动）	时态（被动）	表达的时间概念
不定式	to do	to be done	将来（即动作发生在主句动作之后）
	to be doing		正在进行（与主句动作同时发生）
	to have done	to have been done	过去（即动作发生在主句动作之前）
现在分词 动名词	doing	being done	正在进行（与主句动作同时发生）
	having done	having been done	过去（即动作发生在主句动作之前）
过去分词	done		过去（即动作发生在主句动作之前）

例如：

EG1: He hope to finish reading the book tonight.

EG2: She pretended to be reading when the teacher came in.

EG3: He pretended to have forgotten the conversation that night.

他假装已经忘记了那晚的对话。

EG4: It is impossible for him to be appointed.他不可能被任命。

EG5: They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。

EG6: Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.

没有收到答复他决定再写一遍

EG7: The building being built is our new teaching building.

EG8: The building built last year is our science building.

 

非谓语动词考点4、非谓语动词其它常考考点

1、只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语

mind（介意）， escape（逃脱）， miss（想念，错过）， enjoy（喜欢），practise（练习），

prevent（预防），dislike(不喜欢)，admit（承认）， suggest（建议）

=advise=recommend， keep（保持），consider（考虑）， can’t help(情不自禁)，

can’t stand(不能忍受)， risk（冒险）， resist（抵抗，反对），give up (放弃)， avoid（避免），appreciate（欣赏），finish（完成），imagine(想象)

记忆口诀：memep喜欢承认skrgafi (谐音：妹妹不喜欢承认吃颗粒咖啡)

 

2、只接to do做宾语的动词或短语

hope（希望）, want（想）, offer（主动提出做...，提供）, long（渴望）, fail（失败，未能做...）, expect（期待）, wish(希望), ask（要求）, decide（决定）, pretend（假装）,     manage（成功设法做.....）, agree(同意), afford（负担得起）, determine（决定）, promise（承诺）, happen（碰巧）， refuse(拒绝)  seem/appear(似乎)

 

3、Sth. need/want/require（需要）+doing  (某物需要被…)

= Sth. need/want/require（需要）+to be done

EG: The classroom needs cleaning=The classroom needs to be cleaned.

 

4、同一动词后接to与doing的不同用法

to do 和doing 做宾语	意义相反	stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事
	意义不同	remember/forget/regret to do记得/忘记/很遗憾要做…（指动作尚未发生） remember/forget/regret doing记得/忘记/后悔做过… （指动作已经发生）	go on to do（接着做另外一件事） go on doing（接着做同一件事）
		try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）	mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意思是，意味着）
		can’t help （to） do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）	consider…to be认为是 consider doing考虑做某事

 

5、非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：

常见动词搭配		含义	与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念	例句
ask,beg,expect,order,tell, allow,invitewant,wish,encourage…+sb. to do		要求、乞求、希望、命令、告诉、想要、希望、鼓励…某人做某事	主动关系。强调动作将发生	The teacher encouraged him to try his best to learn English well.
make let have	+sb. do	使/让某人做某事	主动关系。do前省略to,用在被动语态中，to要用上	Why not make Tom do the job for you? He often makes his sister cry but today he is made to cry by her.
	+sb. doing	使/让某人一直做某事	主动关系。	While washing your hands,don’t make the water running all the time.
	+sb/sth. done	使/让某人/物被…	被动关系	I’ll have my house painted next week.
see notice watch observe hear…	+sb. do	看见…某人经常做某事/ 某人做了某事	主动关系。do前省略to,用在被动语态中，to要用上	We often hear him sing the same song.
	+sb. doing	看见某人正在做某事	主动关系。	When the teacher came in, he saw Jack playing games.
	+sb./sth. done	看见某人/物被…	被动关系	This morning, I saw an old man knocked down by a car.
find	+sb. doing	发现某人正在做某事	主动关系	I found her listening to the radio.
	+sb./sth. done	发现某人/物被…	被动关系	We found the village greatly changed.
Leave/keep sb./sth. doing		让某人/物持续做某事	主动关系	I’m sorry to keep you waiting for so long.

 

6、不定式的复合结构

①for sb. to do sth.

EG:It is necessary for to do something for protecting the environment.

②of sb. to do sth.(如果不定式前面的形容词说明不定式表示的动作的执行者的特性时，其逻辑主语常用of引出。此类形容词常见的有:kind, nice, good, polite, rude, patient, careful, wise, clever, selfish, cruel等)

EG: It was cruel of them to eat rare wild animals.

 

7、but/except to do sth.除了做...之外(当but/except前出现行为动词do的适当形式时，to通常省略)

EG:My brother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.

 

8、其它非谓语动词常考的句型

①only to do sth. (一个较为特殊的结果状语，只限于表到意想不到的而且令人沮丧或失望的结果。如： 

He came back from the USA hurriedly only to find his girlfriend got married to another guy.)

②It’s a waste of time doing sth. 做....是浪费时间

It’s（no）fun doing sth. 做....（没）有趣

It’s no good doing sth.做....没有好处

It’sno use doing sth. 做……是没有用的

be worth doing sth.....是值得(被)做

EG:It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。

EG:It is a great fun playing football.踢足球很有趣。

EG:It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。

③spend/waste time (in) doing sth.花/浪费时间做某事

  have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难

④feel like + 名词/动名词：“ 想要” =would like to +原形动词

EG:Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗?

⑤be busy doing 忙着做…     EG:I am busy writing my thesis.我正忙着写论文。

⑥独立成分

generally speaking一般说来；

frankly speaking坦白地说；

judging from/by...根据……来判断；

compared with/to....与....相比

considering.../taking...into consideration

考虑到……；

to tell you the truth说实话；

to be honest说实话；

 

三、考点应考技巧：

1、要分清句子结构，判断是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。

2、要分清非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系是主动还是被动，同时要弄清非谓语动词所表达的时间概念。

3、要牢记固定搭配与句型结构。

 

四、考点精练

(一)单句语法填空

1.【2021·全国甲卷】It is possible  43     (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.

Key:考查动词不定式。此处为句型“it +be+adj+to do sth.”，it为形式主语，动词walk的不定式短语作真正主语。故填to walk。

2.【(2021·全国乙卷】Activities there range from whale watching to hiking(远足)and

accommodations aim  70    (have) a low impact on the natural environment.

Key:考查非谓语动词。句意：那里的活动从观鲸到徒步旅行并且住宿宗旨是对自然环境影响达到很小。固定短语aim to do译为“旨在，目的是”。故填to have。

3.【2021·新高考Ⅰ卷】But that’s how nature is — always leaving us   60      (astonish).

Key: 考查过去分词转换过来的形容词。句意：但大自然就是这样——总是让我们惊讶。此处是“leave +宾语+宾语补足语”，补充说明宾语us的感受，应用-ed结尾形容词。故填astonished。

3.【2021·新高考Ⅰ卷】Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still

 it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 63     

(ache) legs.

Key:句意：虽然在上山的路上，这是唯一不自然的事情，但它仍然突出了整个冒险，并且提供了一个你可以坐下来休息你疼痛的双腿的地方。分析句子及语境可知，此处应用现在分词aching“正在疼痛的”修饰名词legs，意为“疼痛的双腿”。故填aching。

4.【2021·浙江高考卷】Mary's sister, Frances Todd Wallace, often came over 43    （plant）

flowers in the front yard.

Key:考查动词不定式。句意：玛丽的妹妹弗朗西丝·托德·华莱士经常来前院种花。分析句子结构可知，设空处作状语；根据句意可知，此处是目的状语；目的状语用动词不定式表示；提示词plant的不定式形式为to plant。故填to plant。

5.【2020·全国Ⅰ卷】Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments on board Change-4

66     (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.

Key:to find。考查动词不定式。根据句子结构可知,此空处是非谓语动词。结合句意可知,此处用不定式表示目的。

6.【2020•全国Ⅱ卷】They represent the earth 63.　　 (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings. 

Key：coming。考查非谓语动词。represent表示“代表”,后面接动名词的复合结构作宾语,此处指它们代表大地复苏以及对新的开始的美好祝愿。

7.【2020•全国Ⅱ卷】They make great gifts and you see them many times 65.　　(decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. 

Key：decorated。考查非谓语动词。此处是“see+宾语+宾语补足语”结构。them作see的宾语,指代橘树,和decorate之间是被动关系,所以用过去分词decorated作宾语补足语。

8.【2020•全国Ⅱ卷】They are easy 68.　　　　(care)for and make great presents. 

Key：to care。考查非谓语动词。“主语(具体的人或物)+be+形容词+动词不定式”是一个固定句型,表示主语的特征,其中动词不定式只能用主动形式。此句型可以转换成it(形式主语)+be+形容词+动词不定式。

9.【2020•全国Ⅲ卷】The next morning he hired a boat and set out 　67　 (find) the well-known painter.

Key:to find。考查非谓语动词。set out开始,着手,出发。表达的是主语的目的和行为,应填to do不定式,即to find。

10.【2020•全国Ⅲ卷】 And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds 　69　 (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.

Key:surrounding。考查非谓语动词，根据and可知前后为两个非谓语动词并列,与rising一致,作宾语补足语，与宾语clouds是主动关系，故用surrounding。

11.【2020·新高考Ⅰ卷】Visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imaginethem living at a different time in history or 　43　 (walk)through a rainforest.

Key:walking考查imagine(sb.) doing 的用法,同时有考查了并列结构。

12.【2019·全国卷Ⅰ】Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,and are expensive 　64　 (perform) consistently over a large area.

Key:to perform。考查动词不定式。本句为主系表结构,后常跟不定式作状语。

13.【2019·全国卷Ⅱ】When we got a call 69       (say)she was short-listed,we thought it was a joke.

Key:saying。考查非谓语动词。结合句意分析句子结构可知　　　 (say)she was short-listed作定语修饰前面的名词call,且与call之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,故使用v.-ing形式。 

14．【2018•全国卷Ⅱ】The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice________(improve) water quality. Key:to improve

15．【2018•全国卷Ⅱ】China's approach to protecting its environment while ________ (feed) its citizens "offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide." says the bank's Juergen Voegele.  Key:feeding

16．【2018•全国卷Ⅲ】I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ________(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged. Key:looking

17．【】2018•全国卷Ⅲ】Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ________ (stay)and watch. Key:to stay

18．【2018•浙江】I still remember________(visit) a friend who'd lived here for five years and I________(shock) when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time. Key:visiting /was shocked

19．【2018·北京改编】 _________(travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. Key:traveling

20．【2018·北京改编)6. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________(share) a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes. Key: to share

21．【2018·北京改编】 Ordinary soap, ______ (use) correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.

Key:used

22．【2018·天津改编】 I didn't mean ___________(eat)anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn’t help_______(try) it.    Key: to eat/trying

23．【2018·天津改编】I need a new passport so I will have to have my photographs _________(take).Key:taken

24．【2018·江苏改编】Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period, _______(exceed) the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts. Key: exceeding(超出/过)

25．【2017·天津卷改编】The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, _____ (allow)more patients to be treated.   Key:  allowing

26．【2017·天津改编】 I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train ______(catch). Key:to catch

27．【2017·江苏卷改编】Many Chinese brands, _______(develop) their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market. Key:having developed

28．【2017·北京卷改编】Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online ______ (save)their valuable time. Key: to save

29．【2017·北京卷改编】The national park has a large collection of wildlife, _______(range)from butterflies to elephants. Key: ranging

30．【2017·北京卷】Jim has retired, but he still remember the happy time _______(spend)with his students.  Key: spent

31．【2016·北京】 ________(make) it easier to get in touch with us, you’d better keep this card at hand. Key: To make

 

(二)单句改错练习（每句至多两处错误）

1.【2021年全国甲卷】Their answers also show that they dislike talk to others.

Key:考查非谓语动词。dislike doing sth. 表示不喜欢做某事。故talk 改为talking。

2.【2021年全国乙卷】 I also water the flowers in the yard and tidying up my own bedroom whatever necessary.

Key:考查谓语动词与非谓语动词，此处混淆了谓语动词与非谓语动词。根据句中的and可知，water和tidy应为并列动作，都是谓语动词，所以动词形式应该保持一致。故把tidying改为tidy。

3.【2020·全国卷I】My mom told me how to preparing it.

Key:考查非谓语动词。句意：我妈妈告诉我如何准备这道菜。分析句子可知，“how+不定式”作told的宾语，to是不定式符号，后应接动词原形，故将preparing改为prepare。

4.【2020·全国卷I】 I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must be easy to cook.

Key:考查非谓语动词。句意：我喜欢吃西红柿炒鸡蛋。tomatoes与fry之间是被动关系，所以此处应用过去分词作定语，故将frying改为fried。

5.【2020·全国卷III】 I tell my mom that if we’re forced eat things, we may become ill.

Key:句意：我告诉我妈妈，如果我们被迫吃东西，我们可能会生病。be forced to do sth.被迫做某事，所以forced 后面加to。

6.【2019·全国卷III】 If I succeed in manage one, I will open more.

Key:考查动词的固定搭配。succeed in doing something“成功的做了某事”。故把manage 改为managing。

7.【2019·全国卷III】I want my cafe have a special theme such as like "Tang Dynasty".

Key:考查动词的固定搭配。want sb to do sth“ 想要某人做某事”。故在have前加to。

8.【2018•卷Ⅰ】My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. Key:sell--selling

9．【2018•卷Ⅱ】As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me.  Key:watching--watch/划掉 to

10．【2018•卷Ⅲ】Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud.   Key:wait--waiting

11．【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！” key:turning--Turn

12．【201 7·全国卷Ⅱ】When summer came，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!  Key:pick前加to

13．【2016年全国卷Ⅱ】My Classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday. We can chose between staying at home and take a trip.  key: how--what  take--taking

14．【2016年全国卷Ⅲ】 I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.

Key: wear--wearing

15．【2015年浙江卷】I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view. Key:sit--sitting

16．【2015年四川】It's been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing. Key:want后加to

17．【2015年全国Ⅱ】After looks at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing. key:looks--looking/where--that

18．【2015年陕西】“I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.”  key: get前加to

19．【2014年全国卷II】All of us need friendship. The understanding       between two friends mean both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other. Key:trusting--trust

20．【2014年四川】Don’t panic or get out of line, and trying to remain quiet and calmly.  Key:trying--try

21．【2014年陕西】He wanted teach me about animals, insects and trees. Key:wanted后加to

22．【2014年陕西】One evening at sunset, we sat by the fire, have our barbecue. Key:have--having

 

(三)非谓语动词语篇填空训练

I found out one time that [1]________(do) a favour for someone could get you into trouble. I was in the eighth grade at the time and we [2]____________(have) a final test. During the test, the girl [3]__________(sit) next to me whispered something but I did not understand. So I [4]_______(lean) over and found out that she was trying [5]_________(ask) me if I had an extra pen. She showed me that hers was out of ink. I happened [6]__________(have) an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.

Later, after the test papers [7]__________(turn) in, the teacher asked me [8]_________(stay) in the room when all the other students [9]___________(dismiss). As soon as we were alone she began [10]__________(talk) to me about what it meant to grow up; she mentioned how important it was [11]________(stand) on your own two feet and be responsible for your own acts. For a long time, she talked about honesty and [12]____________(emphasize) the fact that when people do something dishonest, they are really treating themselves. She made me promise that I would think seriously about all the things she [13]____________(say), and then she told me I could leave. I walked out of the room [14]__________(wonder) why she had chosen to talk to me about all those things.

 

Keys: 1.doing 2. were having       

3. sitting       4. leaned        

5. to ask         6. to have

7. had been turned   8. to stay              

9. were dismissed     10. to talk       

11. to stand       12. emphasized       

13. had said   14. wondering