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暑假先修 | 构词法及作文佳句大全！

日期：2023-08-16 13:13 点击：

今天小编为同学们整理了初中英语知识点：构词法及作文佳句大全，有需要的孩子们趁着暑假抓紧学起来吧！

中学英语单词记忆：构词法

英语中的构词法主要有三种，即转化法、合成法和派生法。

一

转化法

在英语中，一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。

1. 动词转化为名词

Let me have a try.

让我试试。

They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.

在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。

2. 名词转化为动词

He shouldered his way through the crowd.

他用肩膀推开人群前进。

The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.

从厨房传来的气味使他流口水。

3. 形容词转化为动词

We will try our best to better our living conditions.

我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。

They tried to perfect the working conditions.

他们努力改善工作条件。

4. 形容词转化为名词

He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.

他不辨是非。

The old in our village are living a happy life.

我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。

5. 形容词转化为副词

How long have you lived there?

你在那儿住多久了?

6. 个别词在一定场合中可转化为名词

Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.

穿暖和的衣服到山区去是必须的。

Life is full of ups and downs.

人生有得意时也有失意时。

His argument contains too many ifs and buts.

他的辩论中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。

二

合成法

由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法叫做合成法，合成的词叫做合成词。合成词一般看其词，知其意。

1. 合成名词

名词/代词+名词 newspaper blood-test she-wolf

动词+名词 typewriter pickpocket daybreak

形容词+名词 greenhouse highway

副词+名词 overcoat outside

名词+v.-ing/v.-ing +名词 handwriting reading-room freezing-point

动词+副词/ 副词+ 动词 breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome

名词+介词+名词 sister-in-law editor-in-chief

2. 合成形容词

名词+形容词/形容词+名词 world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term

副词+形容词 over-anxious evergreen

名词+过去分词 man-made sun-burnt

名词+现在分词 peace-loving English-speaking

形容词+现在分词 good-looking easy-going

副词+过去分词 well-informed widespread

副词+现在分词 hardworking far-reaching

形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted absent-minded

数词+名词+ed three-legged ten-storied

数词+名词 one-way five–star

数词+名词+形容词 ten-year-old 800-meter-long

名词+to+名词 face –to-face door - to -door

3. 合成动词

名词+动词 baby-sit sleepwalk

副词+动词 outnumber underestimate overwork

形容词+动词 whitewash

4. 合成副词

形容词+名词 meanwhile anyway

形容词+副词 everywhere anyhow

副词+副词 however

介词+名词 beforehand overhead

介词+副词 forever

5. 合成代词

代词宾格+self/selves herself themselves

物主代词+self/selves myself yourselves

形容词+名词 anything nothing

6. 合成介词

副词+名词 inside outside

介词+副词 without within

副词+介词 into

三

派生法

由一个词加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。

1. 前缀

除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，但不改变单词的词性。

(1)表示否定意义的前缀

un- unhappy unfinished undress

dis- disagree disbelieve

in- [il-(在字母l前)，im- (在字母m,b,p前)，ir- (在字母r前)] inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular

mis- misbehave mislead mistake

non- nonstop nonsmoker

(2)表示其他意义的前缀

en- “使……”enrich enlarge encourage

inter- “相互”international intercontinental

re- “再，又，重”rethink retell recycle

tele- “远程的”telescope telephone telegraph

auto- “自动的”automatic automobile

co- “共同”coworker cooperate coexist

anti- “反对，抵抗”antiwar antifreeze antinuclear

multi- “多”multistory multicultural multicolor

bi- “双，二”bicycle bilingual bilateral

micro- “极小的，微小的”microwave microcomputer

over- “太多，过分”overwork overdo overestimate

self- “自己，本身”self-centered self-confident self-control

under- “在……下面，……下的，不足的”underline, underground, underestimate, underrate

2. 后缀

(1)形容词后缀

-able “可……的，具有……的”acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable

-al “与……有关的”physical, magical, political

-an “属于某地方的人”American African

-ern “方向”southern, northern, eastern

-ful/ less “(没)有……的”helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless

-ish “如……的;有……特征的”foolish childish selfish

-ive “有……倾向的”active attractive expensive

-en “由……制成的”golden wooden woolen

-ous “有(性质)的”famous, dangerous, poisonous

-ly “有……性质的”friendly yearly daily

-y “构成形容词”noisy dusty cloudy

(2)名词后缀

-er / or “表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container

-ese “某国(人)的”Chinese, Japanese

-ian “某国、某地人;精通……的人”musician, Asian, Russian, technician

-ist “某种主义或职业者”physicist, scientist, communist，socialist

-ess “表女性，雌性”hostess, actress, princess

-ment “行为或其状态”government, movement, achievement

-ness “性质，状态”illness, sadness, carelessness

-tion “动作，过程，结果”invention, organization, translation

-ance/ ence “抽象;行为、性质、状态”importance, appearance, absence, existence

-th “性质、情况” depth, warmth, truth

-ful “(满的)量”handful, spoonful, mouthful

-(a)bility “抽象、性质、状态”possibility, disability, reliability

-al “过程、状态”survival, arrival, approval

-y “性质、情况”modesty, delivery, honesty

-dom “处于……状态;性质”freedom, boredom

-age “状态，行为，身份及其结果”courage, storage, marriage

(3)动词后缀

-fy / ify “使得;变得” simplify, beautify, purify

-en “使成为;变得” shorten, deepen, sadden

-ize “使成为” apologize, realize, specialize

(4)副词后缀

-ly “方式，程度” freely, truly, angrily

-ward(s) “向……” towards, forward, upwards

(5)数词后缀

-teen “十几” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen

-ty “整十位数” forty, fifty, sixty

-th “序数词” twelfth, twentieth

初中英语作文佳句大全

人物介绍

角度一

介绍外貌特征

He has straight brown hair andhe doesn't wear glasses.

本句用 and 连接两个简单句，用简洁的语句描述了人物的外貌特点

He used to be thin，but look how big and strong he is now!

本句使用 how 引导的感叹句引出人物外貌的变化

My mother is of medium build withnice long hair.

本句使用 with 伴随状语描述人物外貌特征

My good friend Marry is a lovely girl whohas beautiful big eyes.

本句使用 who 引导的定语从句突出人物外貌特征

角度二

介绍性格特点

I'm shy so it'snot easy for me to make friends.

本句使用“It's +adj.+for sb. to do sth.”句型表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”

Jenny is an outgoing girl whois always full of energy.

本句使用了 who 引导的定语从句

Our English teacher is so humorous thathe often makes us laugh when we are under stress.

本句使用了 so...that...引导结果状语从句

角度三

介绍兴趣爱好

She is interested in science and technology and loves to imagine what the world will be like in 50 years.

本句使用“be interested in”替换了常用的“like”，使表达更加新颖、高级

I like watching the news becauseI hope to find out what's going on around the world.

本句使用 because 引导的原因状语从句引出喜欢看新闻的原因

My best friend Bob is crazy aboutplaying football.He is now a member of our school football team.

本使用“be crazy about”表达对事物的热爱程度，第二个简单句是第一句的具体表现和结果

角度四

介绍个人优势或特殊之处

My sister has the ability toplay the violin well.

本句中“have the ability to”为“be able to”的变式，使表达更丰富

Without doubt，he is a successful man，but I treathim asmy guiding star not because ofhis success in business， buthis love for people around the world.

本句使用短语“without doubt”“ treat...as...”“ because of”以及句型“not...but...”给句子增添了亮点

Li Hua is the most excellent student in our school since he not onlygets good grades， but alsois a helpful person.

本句使用“not only...but also...”句型，替换了普通的“and”并列句，使表达更加新颖高级

角度五

被他人喜爱或喜爱他人的原因

He always thinks carefully whenhe works and he plans everything well.

本句使用 when 引导的时间状语从句，使句式更加多样

My first teacher was Mrs Lane. She was strict but very nice.

本句使用“adj. +but+adj.”结构，突出被描述者最显著的品质

Lucy is welcomed byothers asshe isalways ready tohelp others.

本句使用短语“be welcomed by”和“be ready to”以及 as 引导的原因状语从句

I like him becausehe is really cool and fun, and he is good atsoccer.

本句使用 because 引导的原因状语从句及“be good at”固定搭配，说明“我”喜欢他的具体原因

速记

俗语谚语

Friends are like books——you don't need a lot of them as long as they're good. 良友如书，贵在好而不在多。

A true friend reaches for your hand and touches your heart. 真正的朋友是一个可以给你帮助并感动你的人。

A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

A true friend shares not only your joy and happiness but also your trouble and worry. 真正的朋友不仅能分享你的欢乐与幸福，而且也会分担你的困难与忧愁。

If you have got a true friendship，you should treasure it forever!如果你获得了一份真正的友谊，你应该永远珍惜它!

Everyone has his price. 天生我材必有用。

事物介绍

角度一

良好的生活习惯

With the help of my family，I developed the habit of going to bed early and getting up early.

本句使用“with the help of”短语替换了常用的动词“help”说明了习惯及其养成原因

It isvery i mportant for us to eat healthily. We should eat less food which is rich insugar and fat.

本句使用“It is +adj.+for sb. to do sth.”句型，意为“对某人来说做某事是怎么样的”;固定短语“be rich in”意为“富含......”。

Taking regular exercise， eatinga healthy diet and gettingenough sleep are all the things thatcan help you.

本句使用三个动名词短语作并列主语：that 引导定语从句，先行词在从句中作主语

角度二

某物的特征及喜欢的原因

I like the book Harry Potter best becauseit tells me thatwe should never give up whenwe face difficulties.

本句使用 because 引导的原因状语从句、that 引导的宾语从句和 when 引导的时间状语从句说明喜欢的具体原因

By collecting stamps，I learned a lot about our country.

本句使用介词短语前置，巧变句首句式，强调通过集邮学习到很多

Thanks tothe study app Onion Math，my math has improved a lot.

本句使用“thanks to”点出这个学习 app 对作者的数学帮助很大。

角度三

某地的基本信息

Henan Province lies in the middle of China with Zhengzhou as its capital city.

本使用短语“lie in”表示“坐落于”，使用“with”作伴随状语补充说明河南的省会城市是郑州

People from home and abroad like to come to Henan to experience different kinds offood， such asbraised noodles，spicy soup and so on.

本句使用“ different kinds of”说明河南美食很多，用“such as”举例说明美食都有哪些。

Henan covers an area of about 167,000 square kilometers and has a population about 96.4 million.

本句使用 and 连接的并列短语介绍河南的面积和人口

Luoyang has many famous places of interest， for example，Longmen Grottoes， whichattracts many tourists from all over the world.

本句使用“for example”举例写出洛阳的景点龙门石窟，用 which引导的非限制性定语从句写出此景点吸引了世界各地的游客

How clear the water isin my hometown!You can see a lot of fish under the water clearly.

本句使用“How+adj+主语+谓语!”的感叹句结构，体现出家乡水的清澈。

Whenit comes to autumn，the weather is pleasant withcool and dry air.

本使用 when 引导的时间状语从句，主句使用形容词短语“be pleasant with”表达出了秋天天气宜人的特点。

Witha history of thousands of years，Zhengzhou is a beautiful city.

本句使用 with 个词短语前置，说明郑州有着悠久的历史。

角度四

某地值得参观的理由

But my favorite place is the library asit is very quiet and I enjoy reading there.

本句使用 as 引导的原因状语从句说明喜欢图书馆的原因

The International Museum of Toilets is a wonderful place whereyou can know the history and development of toilets.

本句使用 where 引导的定语从句，说明在国际厕所博物馆你可以了解到厕所的历史和发展

The weather here is cool and cloudy，just right for walking.

本使用短语“right for”说明某地是适合做某事的去处。

This city is popular with tourists not onlyfor its pleasant weather but alsofor its places of interest.

本句使用连词短语“not only... but also...”说明城市受欢迎的两个原因

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